中国科技史话丛书——化学史话
介绍了中国古代化学概况、古代化学典籍、百工与古代化学、古代化学的过程、作用以及大事记，以化学史上著名人物为线索，讲述其所取得的成就、成长历程和成功经验，以史为镜，以人为镜，深入浅出讲解化学发展的历史。
《化学史话》内容包括煤炭石油、铜、钢铁、纸、油漆、染料、香料和化妆品、食盐和硝碱、火药、金丹术等十几个方面的代表人物及年代大事记，介绍了古代化学概况、古代化学典籍、百工与古代化学、古代化学的过程等，有故事，有知识窗，使读者对相关领域的知识有一个全面而系统的了解，通过这些知识的介绍，可以增加读者的相关知识，也可以增加读者的民族自豪感和自信心。本书有大量精美图片，对了解相关知识有辅助作用，同时也使所介绍的知识更加直观。
考古与田野所见化学知识 / 2
传说故事蕴含的化学知识 / 5
中国古代的化学思想 / 7
古代化学史研究现状 / 12
第二章 典籍与中国古代化学/ 19
技术史中的化学 / 19
医药典籍中的化学 / 28
农学著作中的化学 / 33
笔记小说集中的化学 / 38
《道藏》中的化学 / 44
第三章 百工与中国古代化学/ 59
中国古代化学史概况
7世纪，化学作为一门独立的学科开始形成。这归功于英国科学家罗伯特·波意耳（Robert Boyle，1627—1691），他在《怀疑派化学家》中首次科学定义元素时提出：“化学的对象和任务就是要寻找和认识物质的组成和性质。”化学学科的研究对象是物质世界，它探究物质的组成、结构、性质及其变化规律；同时，遵循这些规律进行科学实验和实践研究。一直以来，人类都在探寻物质的本源及其变化。因此，化学的发展历程比化学成为一门系统的学科的历史要久远得多。化学的发展历程本身，其实就是一部丰富的化学史。它既不属于化学，也不属于历史，而是化学与历史交叉科学史的分支之一，隶属于科学技术史一级学科。
19世纪，伴随西方工业文明的兴起和扩张，掀起了“西学东渐”的浪潮。“化学”作为近代科学的门类之一，开始在清朝晚期的中国登场。“化学”这个名词在中国的出现，始于清朝咸丰年间。1855年，近代思想家王韬（1828—1897）在上海从事新闻出版行业时，从中国内地会（China
Inland Mission）创始人、英国人戴德生（James Hudson Taylor，1832—1905）口中得知“化学”一词。当时，王韬还将这个名词记录在他的《蘅华馆日
记》中。
“十有四日丁未，是晨郁泰峰来，同诣各园游玩，戴君特出奇器，盛水于桮交相注，曷顿复变色，名曰化学，想系磺强水（硫酸）所制。”
1855年，英国医师合信（Benjamin Hobson，1809—1873）在上海出版了一种自然科学概论的著作《博物新编（三集）》。其中初集为气象学、物理学和化学，提到“养气（氧气）”“轻气（氢气）”“淡气（氮气）”“炭气（一氧化碳）”，而且首次提到化学专有名词“硝强水（硝酸）”“磺强水（硫酸）”“盐强水（盐酸）”，并介绍了相关的化学性质和具体制作方法。1956年，英国人韦廉臣（Alexander Williamson，1829—1890）在《格物探源》中接受了“化学”一词的用法，并讲述了相关的化学知识。如书的第三卷“元质（元素）”写道：“轻二养一成为水，鏀一绿一成为盐（NaCl），铗一淡一养三成为火硝（ANO3）。读化学一书，可悉其事。”
“化学”一词以及与化学相关术语的引入中国，确实始于清朝晚期。这表明只是到了近代，中国的传统文明才和西方的近代科学，在交流和对话中逐步融入同一套科学系统中，使用共通的科学话语。然而，中国古代化学产生和发展的历史，以及所取得的成果，确实又是源远流长，值得后人自豪和继承的丰厚财富。
考古与田野所见化学知识
中国的传统文化中一直流传“阴阳五行（金、木、水、火、土）”的观念和学说。其实，这就是关于物质世界本源及其变化的朴素认识。中国古人在“五行”的探索实践中，火的历史尤为久远，影响之大可见一斑。关于火的使用和经验总结，直接成为人类新的解放手段之一。因此，我们讲中国古代的化学知识，还得先从火开始谈起。
先秦时期的古书记载了取火的化学知识。《庄子·外物》说道“木与木相摩则然（燃）”。古人取火的具体方法大致有四种，即磨、钻、锯、打。中国古书里记载，用两块小木头相互摩擦而起火的取火方式，又往往以钻木取火流传较为广泛。比如《管子·禁藏》讲道：“当春三月，……钻燧易火，杼井易水，所以去兹毒也。”《管子·轻重己》又提道：“冬尽而春始，教民樵室、钻燧、墐灶、泄井，所以寿民也。”《论语·阳货》还记载：“旧谷既没，新谷既升，钻燧改火，期可已矣！”《礼记·内则》也说道“木燧，钻火也”。钻木取火对操作的方法也是有讲究的。《淮南子·说林训》曰：“以燧取火，疏之则弗得，数之则弗中，正在疏、数之间。”古书里关于这句话的注中提道：“疏，犹迟也；数，犹疾也。得其节，火乃生。”其中，可见钻木的速度张弛有度，才是成功取火的关键。先秦文献记载关于火的使用，是远古时代的人类在总结生产生活的实践经验中流传下来的。
远古人类取火的古老记载，除了文献之外，还可从一些考古出土的文物中得到更为久远的实证。中国古代取火用火的历史至少不晚于陶瓷烧制的时间。目前，出土取火文物较为丰富的是中国的新疆地区。1980年，新疆罗布泊地区孔雀河下游的古墓沟墓地出土的一件长条形木板，一边有许多刻槽，长30厘米，宽5.4厘米，厚1.50~0.28厘米。新疆文物考古研究所的专家于志勇推测，这很可能是钻木取火器使用母板中的预制件。这个物件的制作和使用时间，距今大致在3800年左右。这正是楼兰美女（新疆考古专家在新疆罗布泊的小河墓地发掘出一具女性干尸，史称“楼兰美女”）生活的时代，相当于当时中原的夏朝中期。
Shipping Overview:
• Shipping: Standard Domestic Shipping within the United States charges USD 4.99. Standard International Shipping from United Kingdom, Germany and Japan to the United States charges 14.99.
• Order Processing: Please allow 1-2 business days for order processing and preparation before shipment.
• Domestic Shipping: Orders within the U.S. are shipped via USPS or FedEx, depending on the origin of the product. The average transit time is 3-7 business days.
• International Shipping: Currently, we only ship within the USA.
• Tracking Information: Every order is trackable. You will receive a tracking number once your order has been shipped. Products may be shipped from various global fulfillment centers.
Shipping Delays:
Please note that shipping times may vary due to factors beyond our control, such as weather conditions, natural disasters, or peak holiday periods. While we strive to ensure timely delivery, the exact arrival time cannot be guaranteed and is managed by the shipping carrier.
Shipping Options:
-
Standard Delivery: Most orders are shipped within 3-7 business days. Larger items may utilize LTL shipping for safe handling.
-
Handling Time: We handle shipments on business days (Monday - Friday), with a preparation time of 1-2 days.
-
Additional Charges: Some items require additional shipping charges due to their size, weight, or special handling. These charges are specified on the product pages and are not eligible for shipping discounts.
-
Exclusions: Gift cards, packaging, taxes, and prior purchases do not count toward the minimum purchase requirement for free shipping. This offer is valid only for shipments to U.S. addresses, including Puerto Rico.
Delivery Details:
-
Estimates: Standard shipping within the US typically takes 3-7 business days. These are estimates and not guarantees.
-
Shipping Restrictions: We ship to all 50 states, Washington, DC, U.S. territories, and APO/FPO/DPO addresses. Shipping options vary based on the delivery address.
-
Remote Areas: Shipments to remote areas may incur additional charges or require pickup from a nearby shipping partner’s location.
Shipping Confirmation:
You will receive a shipping confirmation email with a tracking number as soon as your order is dispatched. If you do not receive this email immediately, please be assured that your items will arrive within the estimated delivery window provided at checkout.
Order Modifications:
If you need to cancel or modify your order, please contact our customer support immediately.
Issues with Delivery:
If your order shows as delivered but you have not received it, please contact the shipping carrier directly to resolve the issue. For persistent problems, contact our customer service at cs@everymarket.com.
Customer Support:
Our team is available 24/7 to assist you with any questions or concerns regarding your order. We are committed to ensuring a smooth shopping experience.
Return & Refund Policy Overview
Please review our return and refund policies below to ensure a smooth transaction process.
Return Policy
-
Duration: You have 30 days from receiving your item to initiate a return.
-
Condition: Items must be unworn, unwashed, with original tags and packaging intact.
-
Shipping Costs: Customers are responsible for return shipping costs.
-
Packaging: Ensure returned items are well-packaged to avoid damage during transit.
-
Tracking: Use a trackable and insured shipping method as we are not liable for items lost or damaged on return.
-
Initiating a Return: Contact us at cs@everymarket.com to start your return. We will provide a return shipping label and instructions upon approval. Returns without prior approval will not be accepted.
How to Return
-
Method: Returns must be sent back by mail to the address provided in the return instructions.
Return Label
-
Defective Products: Return labels are provided for defective items.
-
Non-Defective Returns: Customers are responsible for obtaining their return shipping label.
Product Conditions for Return
-
Eligible Products: Returns are only accepted for items in new condition.
Nonreturnable Items
Certain items are not eligible for return:
-
Electronic devices after 30 days (e.g., computers, laptops, Kindles)
-
Gift cards, prepaid game cards
-
Perishable goods, live insects, some jewelry, some health and personal care items
-
Customized or personalized products
-
Items with special shipping restrictions
Refund Policy
-
Window: Eligible products may be returned within 30 days of delivery for a refund.
-
Refund Method: Refunds are processed to the original payment method or as store credit for items purchased with gift cards.
-
Processing Time: Refunds are processed within 3-5 business days after we receive the return; please allow additional time for shipping and bank processing.
Claims
Inspect your order upon arrival and report any defects, damages, or incorrect items immediately to allow us to address the issue. For claims, contact our support team with details of the issue.
Exchange Policy
For the quickest service, return your original item and place a new order for the desired product once your return is accepted.
Return Address
EveryMarket Customer Service 2101 E Terra Ln, O'Fallon, MO 63366
Customer Support
Available 24/7 for any questions or assistance needed:
-
Phone: +1 636-312-5925
-
Email: cs@everymarket.com
介绍了中国古代化学概况、古代化学典籍、百工与古代化学、古代化学的过程、作用以及大事记，以化学史上著名人物为线索，讲述其所取得的成就、成长历程和成功经验，以史为镜，以人为镜，深入浅出讲解化学发展的历史。
《化学史话》内容包括煤炭石油、铜、钢铁、纸、油漆、染料、香料和化妆品、食盐和硝碱、火药、金丹术等十几个方面的代表人物及年代大事记，介绍了古代化学概况、古代化学典籍、百工与古代化学、古代化学的过程等，有故事，有知识窗，使读者对相关领域的知识有一个全面而系统的了解，通过这些知识的介绍，可以增加读者的相关知识，也可以增加读者的民族自豪感和自信心。本书有大量精美图片，对了解相关知识有辅助作用，同时也使所介绍的知识更加直观。
考古与田野所见化学知识 / 2
传说故事蕴含的化学知识 / 5
中国古代的化学思想 / 7
古代化学史研究现状 / 12
第二章 典籍与中国古代化学/ 19
技术史中的化学 / 19
医药典籍中的化学 / 28
农学著作中的化学 / 33
笔记小说集中的化学 / 38
《道藏》中的化学 / 44
第三章 百工与中国古代化学/ 59
中国古代化学史概况
7世纪，化学作为一门独立的学科开始形成。这归功于英国科学家罗伯特·波意耳（Robert Boyle，1627—1691），他在《怀疑派化学家》中首次科学定义元素时提出：“化学的对象和任务就是要寻找和认识物质的组成和性质。”化学学科的研究对象是物质世界，它探究物质的组成、结构、性质及其变化规律；同时，遵循这些规律进行科学实验和实践研究。一直以来，人类都在探寻物质的本源及其变化。因此，化学的发展历程比化学成为一门系统的学科的历史要久远得多。化学的发展历程本身，其实就是一部丰富的化学史。它既不属于化学，也不属于历史，而是化学与历史交叉科学史的分支之一，隶属于科学技术史一级学科。
19世纪，伴随西方工业文明的兴起和扩张，掀起了“西学东渐”的浪潮。“化学”作为近代科学的门类之一，开始在清朝晚期的中国登场。“化学”这个名词在中国的出现，始于清朝咸丰年间。1855年，近代思想家王韬（1828—1897）在上海从事新闻出版行业时，从中国内地会（China
Inland Mission）创始人、英国人戴德生（James Hudson Taylor，1832—1905）口中得知“化学”一词。当时，王韬还将这个名词记录在他的《蘅华馆日
记》中。
“十有四日丁未，是晨郁泰峰来，同诣各园游玩，戴君特出奇器，盛水于桮交相注，曷顿复变色，名曰化学，想系磺强水（硫酸）所制。”
1855年，英国医师合信（Benjamin Hobson，1809—1873）在上海出版了一种自然科学概论的著作《博物新编（三集）》。其中初集为气象学、物理学和化学，提到“养气（氧气）”“轻气（氢气）”“淡气（氮气）”“炭气（一氧化碳）”，而且首次提到化学专有名词“硝强水（硝酸）”“磺强水（硫酸）”“盐强水（盐酸）”，并介绍了相关的化学性质和具体制作方法。1956年，英国人韦廉臣（Alexander Williamson，1829—1890）在《格物探源》中接受了“化学”一词的用法，并讲述了相关的化学知识。如书的第三卷“元质（元素）”写道：“轻二养一成为水，鏀一绿一成为盐（NaCl），铗一淡一养三成为火硝（ANO3）。读化学一书，可悉其事。”
“化学”一词以及与化学相关术语的引入中国，确实始于清朝晚期。这表明只是到了近代，中国的传统文明才和西方的近代科学，在交流和对话中逐步融入同一套科学系统中，使用共通的科学话语。然而，中国古代化学产生和发展的历史，以及所取得的成果，确实又是源远流长，值得后人自豪和继承的丰厚财富。
考古与田野所见化学知识
中国的传统文化中一直流传“阴阳五行（金、木、水、火、土）”的观念和学说。其实，这就是关于物质世界本源及其变化的朴素认识。中国古人在“五行”的探索实践中，火的历史尤为久远，影响之大可见一斑。关于火的使用和经验总结，直接成为人类新的解放手段之一。因此，我们讲中国古代的化学知识，还得先从火开始谈起。
先秦时期的古书记载了取火的化学知识。《庄子·外物》说道“木与木相摩则然（燃）”。古人取火的具体方法大致有四种，即磨、钻、锯、打。中国古书里记载，用两块小木头相互摩擦而起火的取火方式，又往往以钻木取火流传较为广泛。比如《管子·禁藏》讲道：“当春三月，……钻燧易火，杼井易水，所以去兹毒也。”《管子·轻重己》又提道：“冬尽而春始，教民樵室、钻燧、墐灶、泄井，所以寿民也。”《论语·阳货》还记载：“旧谷既没，新谷既升，钻燧改火，期可已矣！”《礼记·内则》也说道“木燧，钻火也”。钻木取火对操作的方法也是有讲究的。《淮南子·说林训》曰：“以燧取火，疏之则弗得，数之则弗中，正在疏、数之间。”古书里关于这句话的注中提道：“疏，犹迟也；数，犹疾也。得其节，火乃生。”其中，可见钻木的速度张弛有度，才是成功取火的关键。先秦文献记载关于火的使用，是远古时代的人类在总结生产生活的实践经验中流传下来的。
远古人类取火的古老记载，除了文献之外，还可从一些考古出土的文物中得到更为久远的实证。中国古代取火用火的历史至少不晚于陶瓷烧制的时间。目前，出土取火文物较为丰富的是中国的新疆地区。1980年，新疆罗布泊地区孔雀河下游的古墓沟墓地出土的一件长条形木板，一边有许多刻槽，长30厘米，宽5.4厘米，厚1.50~0.28厘米。新疆文物考古研究所的专家于志勇推测，这很可能是钻木取火器使用母板中的预制件。这个物件的制作和使用时间，距今大致在3800年左右。这正是楼兰美女（新疆考古专家在新疆罗布泊的小河墓地发掘出一具女性干尸，史称“楼兰美女”）生活的时代，相当于当时中原的夏朝中期。
Shipping Overview:
• Shipping: Standard Domestic Shipping within the United States charges USD 4.99. Standard International Shipping from United Kingdom, Germany and Japan to the United States charges 14.99.
• Order Processing: Please allow 1-2 business days for order processing and preparation before shipment.
• Domestic Shipping: Orders within the U.S. are shipped via USPS or FedEx, depending on the origin of the product. The average transit time is 3-7 business days.
• International Shipping: Currently, we only ship within the USA.
• Tracking Information: Every order is trackable. You will receive a tracking number once your order has been shipped. Products may be shipped from various global fulfillment centers.
Shipping Delays:
Please note that shipping times may vary due to factors beyond our control, such as weather conditions, natural disasters, or peak holiday periods. While we strive to ensure timely delivery, the exact arrival time cannot be guaranteed and is managed by the shipping carrier.
Shipping Options:
-
Standard Delivery: Most orders are shipped within 3-7 business days. Larger items may utilize LTL shipping for safe handling.
-
Handling Time: We handle shipments on business days (Monday - Friday), with a preparation time of 1-2 days.
-
Additional Charges: Some items require additional shipping charges due to their size, weight, or special handling. These charges are specified on the product pages and are not eligible for shipping discounts.
-
Exclusions: Gift cards, packaging, taxes, and prior purchases do not count toward the minimum purchase requirement for free shipping. This offer is valid only for shipments to U.S. addresses, including Puerto Rico.
Delivery Details:
-
Estimates: Standard shipping within the US typically takes 3-7 business days. These are estimates and not guarantees.
-
Shipping Restrictions: We ship to all 50 states, Washington, DC, U.S. territories, and APO/FPO/DPO addresses. Shipping options vary based on the delivery address.
-
Remote Areas: Shipments to remote areas may incur additional charges or require pickup from a nearby shipping partner’s location.
Shipping Confirmation:
You will receive a shipping confirmation email with a tracking number as soon as your order is dispatched. If you do not receive this email immediately, please be assured that your items will arrive within the estimated delivery window provided at checkout.
Order Modifications:
If you need to cancel or modify your order, please contact our customer support immediately.
Issues with Delivery:
If your order shows as delivered but you have not received it, please contact the shipping carrier directly to resolve the issue. For persistent problems, contact our customer service at cs@everymarket.com.
Customer Support:
Our team is available 24/7 to assist you with any questions or concerns regarding your order. We are committed to ensuring a smooth shopping experience.
Return & Refund Policy Overview
Please review our return and refund policies below to ensure a smooth transaction process.
Return Policy
-
Duration: You have 30 days from receiving your item to initiate a return.
-
Condition: Items must be unworn, unwashed, with original tags and packaging intact.
-
Shipping Costs: Customers are responsible for return shipping costs.
-
Packaging: Ensure returned items are well-packaged to avoid damage during transit.
-
Tracking: Use a trackable and insured shipping method as we are not liable for items lost or damaged on return.
-
Initiating a Return: Contact us at cs@everymarket.com to start your return. We will provide a return shipping label and instructions upon approval. Returns without prior approval will not be accepted.
How to Return
-
Method: Returns must be sent back by mail to the address provided in the return instructions.
Return Label
-
Defective Products: Return labels are provided for defective items.
-
Non-Defective Returns: Customers are responsible for obtaining their return shipping label.
Product Conditions for Return
-
Eligible Products: Returns are only accepted for items in new condition.
Nonreturnable Items
Certain items are not eligible for return:
-
Electronic devices after 30 days (e.g., computers, laptops, Kindles)
-
Gift cards, prepaid game cards
-
Perishable goods, live insects, some jewelry, some health and personal care items
-
Customized or personalized products
-
Items with special shipping restrictions
Refund Policy
-
Window: Eligible products may be returned within 30 days of delivery for a refund.
-
Refund Method: Refunds are processed to the original payment method or as store credit for items purchased with gift cards.
-
Processing Time: Refunds are processed within 3-5 business days after we receive the return; please allow additional time for shipping and bank processing.
Claims
Inspect your order upon arrival and report any defects, damages, or incorrect items immediately to allow us to address the issue. For claims, contact our support team with details of the issue.
Exchange Policy
For the quickest service, return your original item and place a new order for the desired product once your return is accepted.
Return Address
EveryMarket Customer Service 2101 E Terra Ln, O'Fallon, MO 63366
Customer Support
Available 24/7 for any questions or assistance needed:
-
Phone: +1 636-312-5925
-
Email: cs@everymarket.com
Oops!
Sorry, it looks like some products are not available in selected quantity.