《刑法》第13条但书与刑事制裁的界限（国家社科基金后期资助项目）
在司法实践中，没有国家会对轻微危害行为一律给予刑罚制裁。不处罚轻微危害行为，意味着需要确定犯罪成立的量度，是为犯罪定量。我国刑法第13条但书规定为犯罪定量确定了法律依据，具有出罪与入罪双重功能。作为但书理论根据的社会危害性理论，是主观判断与客观判断、事实判断与价值判断的有机统一。在构建犯罪构成论体系时，应当包含体现犯罪量度的要件。但书规定对界定排除犯罪性行为是否过当，对预备犯、未遂犯、中止犯的处罚范围以及既遂犯的处罚类型，以及对共同犯罪中的共谋共犯、帮助犯与教唆犯的处罚范畴等，均具有直接影响。以但书为依据，在具体犯罪的定量上应坚持立法定量与司法自由裁量并行原则。适应但书定量需要，应对我国刑法中的罪刑体系加以改革及完善。
彭文华，男，江西省南昌市新建区人。上海政法学院刑事司法学院院长、教授、法学博士及博士后。兼任中国犯罪学研究会常务理事、中国法学教育研究会理事、上海市法学会刑法学研究会理事、苏州市委政法委法律顾问、苏州市和张家港市政府法律专家顾问、苏州市公安局法律专家顾问、苏州市信访局疑难刑事案件法律咨询专家等。主要研究方向为刑法学，重点领域为犯罪定量、犯罪论体系、量刑及人工智能刑法等。
在《法学研究》《法制与社会发展》《法商研究》《法学家》《现代法学》《法学》《法律科学》《法学评论》《比较法研究》《环球法律评论》《政治与法律》等各类刊物上发表学术论文150余篇，其中核心期刊论文60余篇，约20余篇文章被《中国社会科学文摘》《刑事法学》等转载。独著、合著、主编、副主编《犯罪既遂原理》《犯罪构成本原论及其本土化研究》《刑法总论》《刑法分论》等10余部。主持、省部级项目6项。荣获江苏省哲学社会科学界学术大会优秀论文一等奖、中国刑法学研究会优秀论文（2012~2016）二等奖、江苏省哲学社会科学研究优秀成果三等奖、苏州市哲学社会科学优秀成果一等奖等奖励。曾赴韩国以及中国台湾、中国香港等地进行学术交流和访问。
绪 论 1
章 《刑法》第13条但书概述 8
节 但书的含义 8
第二节 但书的功能 17
第三节 但书的适用 24
第四节 但书与域外理论中相关概念之比较 50
第二章 但书与社会危害性理论 58
节 但书是社会危害性理论的立法化 58
第二节 社会危害性的基本属性 64
第三节 社会危害性理论与罪刑法定原则 72
第四节 社会危害性与刑事违法性 76
第五节 社会危害性与法益侵害 104
第三章 但书与犯罪构成论体系 107
改革开放伊始，我国刑法理论基本上与苏联刑法理论一脉相承，包括犯罪成立、犯罪构成以及犯罪停止形态等在内的诸多理论问题，主要是在承继苏联刑法理论的基础上发展起来的。彼时，我国刑法理论研究处于起步阶段，人们在借鉴苏联刑法理论时，多半重视结构上、形式上的吸纳，并没有深入思考理论体系内在机理及其合理性。事实上，批判地吸收欧洲大陆特别是德国刑法理论的沙俄、苏联刑法理论，并没有很好地处理犯罪成立的社会危害程度要素与刑事制裁界限的关系。这一问题同样存在于刑法的相关规定中。如犯罪构成要件（要素）的具体内容，正当防卫、紧急避险的限度以及预备犯、未遂犯的处罚范围等，就一直存在争议。这样一来，关于刑事制裁的界限，无论是刑法理论还是刑法规范，均不可避免地给司法实践带来诸多困惑与纠结，乃至留下许多遗憾。
要想弄清问题的根源，有必要追根溯源，从我国刑法以及刑法理论的“母版”?D?D?D苏俄刑法及其刑法理论的渊源说起。众所周知，19世纪的俄国是一个落后的封建农奴制国家，沙皇专制下的司法制度私密且腐败，充满着等级特权与不平等。但是，传统上作为欧洲国家的沙俄还是受到欧洲大陆资产阶级先进的法治文化影响，刑事立法以及刑法理论得到很大发展。当时，在刑事立法上，沙皇俄国仿效欧洲大陆法系国家制定了刑法与刑事诉讼法。“在一八三二年出版了共十五卷的法律集。在这十五卷中，包含了刑法和刑事诉讼法。刑法集分总则与分则两部分。总则的某些条例，是受了亚历山大一世时所起草而未颁布施行的法典草案的影响。刑法集清楚的说明那些是现行法，并且废止了一六四九年法典与军事法规以及从一六四九年所颁布的一切法令。但这个法律只是研究沙皇刑事立法的初步。” ① 1881年，沙皇政府决定起草新的刑法典，由俄国著名的古典学派刑法学者塔甘采夫领衔起草工作。该法典模仿1810年法国刑法典的体系和内容，反映了古典学派的观点。 ①
Shipping Overview:
• Shipping: Standard Domestic Shipping within the United States charges USD 4.99. Standard International Shipping from United Kingdom, Germany and Japan to the United States charges 14.99.
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• Domestic Shipping: Orders within the U.S. are shipped via USPS or FedEx, depending on the origin of the product. The average transit time is 3-7 business days.
• International Shipping: Currently, we only ship within the USA.
• Tracking Information: Every order is trackable. You will receive a tracking number once your order has been shipped. Products may be shipped from various global fulfillment centers.
Shipping Delays:
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Exclusions: Gift cards, packaging, taxes, and prior purchases do not count toward the minimum purchase requirement for free shipping. This offer is valid only for shipments to U.S. addresses, including Puerto Rico.
Delivery Details:
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Estimates: Standard shipping within the US typically takes 3-7 business days. These are estimates and not guarantees.
-
Shipping Restrictions: We ship to all 50 states, Washington, DC, U.S. territories, and APO/FPO/DPO addresses. Shipping options vary based on the delivery address.
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Remote Areas: Shipments to remote areas may incur additional charges or require pickup from a nearby shipping partner’s location.
Shipping Confirmation:
You will receive a shipping confirmation email with a tracking number as soon as your order is dispatched. If you do not receive this email immediately, please be assured that your items will arrive within the estimated delivery window provided at checkout.
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If you need to cancel or modify your order, please contact our customer support immediately.
Issues with Delivery:
If your order shows as delivered but you have not received it, please contact the shipping carrier directly to resolve the issue. For persistent problems, contact our customer service at cs@everymarket.com.
Customer Support:
Our team is available 24/7 to assist you with any questions or concerns regarding your order. We are committed to ensuring a smooth shopping experience.
Return & Refund Policy Overview
Please review our return and refund policies below to ensure a smooth transaction process.
Return Policy
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Duration: You have 30 days from receiving your item to initiate a return.
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Condition: Items must be unworn, unwashed, with original tags and packaging intact.
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Shipping Costs: Customers are responsible for return shipping costs.
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Packaging: Ensure returned items are well-packaged to avoid damage during transit.
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Tracking: Use a trackable and insured shipping method as we are not liable for items lost or damaged on return.
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Initiating a Return: Contact us at cs@everymarket.com to start your return. We will provide a return shipping label and instructions upon approval. Returns without prior approval will not be accepted.
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Product Conditions for Return
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Eligible Products: Returns are only accepted for items in new condition.
Nonreturnable Items
Certain items are not eligible for return:
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Electronic devices after 30 days (e.g., computers, laptops, Kindles)
-
Gift cards, prepaid game cards
-
Perishable goods, live insects, some jewelry, some health and personal care items
-
Customized or personalized products
-
Items with special shipping restrictions
Refund Policy
-
Window: Eligible products may be returned within 30 days of delivery for a refund.
-
Refund Method: Refunds are processed to the original payment method or as store credit for items purchased with gift cards.
-
Processing Time: Refunds are processed within 3-5 business days after we receive the return; please allow additional time for shipping and bank processing.
Claims
Inspect your order upon arrival and report any defects, damages, or incorrect items immediately to allow us to address the issue. For claims, contact our support team with details of the issue.
Exchange Policy
For the quickest service, return your original item and place a new order for the desired product once your return is accepted.
Return Address
EveryMarket Customer Service 2101 E Terra Ln, O'Fallon, MO 63366
Customer Support
Available 24/7 for any questions or assistance needed:
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Phone: +1 636-312-5925
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Email: cs@everymarket.com
在司法实践中，没有国家会对轻微危害行为一律给予刑罚制裁。不处罚轻微危害行为，意味着需要确定犯罪成立的量度，是为犯罪定量。我国刑法第13条但书规定为犯罪定量确定了法律依据，具有出罪与入罪双重功能。作为但书理论根据的社会危害性理论，是主观判断与客观判断、事实判断与价值判断的有机统一。在构建犯罪构成论体系时，应当包含体现犯罪量度的要件。但书规定对界定排除犯罪性行为是否过当，对预备犯、未遂犯、中止犯的处罚范围以及既遂犯的处罚类型，以及对共同犯罪中的共谋共犯、帮助犯与教唆犯的处罚范畴等，均具有直接影响。以但书为依据，在具体犯罪的定量上应坚持立法定量与司法自由裁量并行原则。适应但书定量需要，应对我国刑法中的罪刑体系加以改革及完善。
彭文华，男，江西省南昌市新建区人。上海政法学院刑事司法学院院长、教授、法学博士及博士后。兼任中国犯罪学研究会常务理事、中国法学教育研究会理事、上海市法学会刑法学研究会理事、苏州市委政法委法律顾问、苏州市和张家港市政府法律专家顾问、苏州市公安局法律专家顾问、苏州市信访局疑难刑事案件法律咨询专家等。主要研究方向为刑法学，重点领域为犯罪定量、犯罪论体系、量刑及人工智能刑法等。
在《法学研究》《法制与社会发展》《法商研究》《法学家》《现代法学》《法学》《法律科学》《法学评论》《比较法研究》《环球法律评论》《政治与法律》等各类刊物上发表学术论文150余篇，其中核心期刊论文60余篇，约20余篇文章被《中国社会科学文摘》《刑事法学》等转载。独著、合著、主编、副主编《犯罪既遂原理》《犯罪构成本原论及其本土化研究》《刑法总论》《刑法分论》等10余部。主持、省部级项目6项。荣获江苏省哲学社会科学界学术大会优秀论文一等奖、中国刑法学研究会优秀论文（2012~2016）二等奖、江苏省哲学社会科学研究优秀成果三等奖、苏州市哲学社会科学优秀成果一等奖等奖励。曾赴韩国以及中国台湾、中国香港等地进行学术交流和访问。
绪 论 1
章 《刑法》第13条但书概述 8
节 但书的含义 8
第二节 但书的功能 17
第三节 但书的适用 24
第四节 但书与域外理论中相关概念之比较 50
第二章 但书与社会危害性理论 58
节 但书是社会危害性理论的立法化 58
第二节 社会危害性的基本属性 64
第三节 社会危害性理论与罪刑法定原则 72
第四节 社会危害性与刑事违法性 76
第五节 社会危害性与法益侵害 104
第三章 但书与犯罪构成论体系 107
改革开放伊始，我国刑法理论基本上与苏联刑法理论一脉相承，包括犯罪成立、犯罪构成以及犯罪停止形态等在内的诸多理论问题，主要是在承继苏联刑法理论的基础上发展起来的。彼时，我国刑法理论研究处于起步阶段，人们在借鉴苏联刑法理论时，多半重视结构上、形式上的吸纳，并没有深入思考理论体系内在机理及其合理性。事实上，批判地吸收欧洲大陆特别是德国刑法理论的沙俄、苏联刑法理论，并没有很好地处理犯罪成立的社会危害程度要素与刑事制裁界限的关系。这一问题同样存在于刑法的相关规定中。如犯罪构成要件（要素）的具体内容，正当防卫、紧急避险的限度以及预备犯、未遂犯的处罚范围等，就一直存在争议。这样一来，关于刑事制裁的界限，无论是刑法理论还是刑法规范，均不可避免地给司法实践带来诸多困惑与纠结，乃至留下许多遗憾。
要想弄清问题的根源，有必要追根溯源，从我国刑法以及刑法理论的“母版”?D?D?D苏俄刑法及其刑法理论的渊源说起。众所周知，19世纪的俄国是一个落后的封建农奴制国家，沙皇专制下的司法制度私密且腐败，充满着等级特权与不平等。但是，传统上作为欧洲国家的沙俄还是受到欧洲大陆资产阶级先进的法治文化影响，刑事立法以及刑法理论得到很大发展。当时，在刑事立法上，沙皇俄国仿效欧洲大陆法系国家制定了刑法与刑事诉讼法。“在一八三二年出版了共十五卷的法律集。在这十五卷中，包含了刑法和刑事诉讼法。刑法集分总则与分则两部分。总则的某些条例，是受了亚历山大一世时所起草而未颁布施行的法典草案的影响。刑法集清楚的说明那些是现行法，并且废止了一六四九年法典与军事法规以及从一六四九年所颁布的一切法令。但这个法律只是研究沙皇刑事立法的初步。” ① 1881年，沙皇政府决定起草新的刑法典，由俄国著名的古典学派刑法学者塔甘采夫领衔起草工作。该法典模仿1810年法国刑法典的体系和内容，反映了古典学派的观点。 ①
Shipping Overview:
• Shipping: Standard Domestic Shipping within the United States charges USD 4.99. Standard International Shipping from United Kingdom, Germany and Japan to the United States charges 14.99.
• Order Processing: Please allow 1-2 business days for order processing and preparation before shipment.
• Domestic Shipping: Orders within the U.S. are shipped via USPS or FedEx, depending on the origin of the product. The average transit time is 3-7 business days.
• International Shipping: Currently, we only ship within the USA.
• Tracking Information: Every order is trackable. You will receive a tracking number once your order has been shipped. Products may be shipped from various global fulfillment centers.
Shipping Delays:
Please note that shipping times may vary due to factors beyond our control, such as weather conditions, natural disasters, or peak holiday periods. While we strive to ensure timely delivery, the exact arrival time cannot be guaranteed and is managed by the shipping carrier.
Shipping Options:
-
Standard Delivery: Most orders are shipped within 3-7 business days. Larger items may utilize LTL shipping for safe handling.
-
Handling Time: We handle shipments on business days (Monday - Friday), with a preparation time of 1-2 days.
-
Additional Charges: Some items require additional shipping charges due to their size, weight, or special handling. These charges are specified on the product pages and are not eligible for shipping discounts.
-
Exclusions: Gift cards, packaging, taxes, and prior purchases do not count toward the minimum purchase requirement for free shipping. This offer is valid only for shipments to U.S. addresses, including Puerto Rico.
Delivery Details:
-
Estimates: Standard shipping within the US typically takes 3-7 business days. These are estimates and not guarantees.
-
Shipping Restrictions: We ship to all 50 states, Washington, DC, U.S. territories, and APO/FPO/DPO addresses. Shipping options vary based on the delivery address.
-
Remote Areas: Shipments to remote areas may incur additional charges or require pickup from a nearby shipping partner’s location.
Shipping Confirmation:
You will receive a shipping confirmation email with a tracking number as soon as your order is dispatched. If you do not receive this email immediately, please be assured that your items will arrive within the estimated delivery window provided at checkout.
Order Modifications:
If you need to cancel or modify your order, please contact our customer support immediately.
Issues with Delivery:
If your order shows as delivered but you have not received it, please contact the shipping carrier directly to resolve the issue. For persistent problems, contact our customer service at cs@everymarket.com.
Customer Support:
Our team is available 24/7 to assist you with any questions or concerns regarding your order. We are committed to ensuring a smooth shopping experience.
Return & Refund Policy Overview
Please review our return and refund policies below to ensure a smooth transaction process.
Return Policy
-
Duration: You have 30 days from receiving your item to initiate a return.
-
Condition: Items must be unworn, unwashed, with original tags and packaging intact.
-
Shipping Costs: Customers are responsible for return shipping costs.
-
Packaging: Ensure returned items are well-packaged to avoid damage during transit.
-
Tracking: Use a trackable and insured shipping method as we are not liable for items lost or damaged on return.
-
Initiating a Return: Contact us at cs@everymarket.com to start your return. We will provide a return shipping label and instructions upon approval. Returns without prior approval will not be accepted.
How to Return
-
Method: Returns must be sent back by mail to the address provided in the return instructions.
Return Label
-
Defective Products: Return labels are provided for defective items.
-
Non-Defective Returns: Customers are responsible for obtaining their return shipping label.
Product Conditions for Return
-
Eligible Products: Returns are only accepted for items in new condition.
Nonreturnable Items
Certain items are not eligible for return:
-
Electronic devices after 30 days (e.g., computers, laptops, Kindles)
-
Gift cards, prepaid game cards
-
Perishable goods, live insects, some jewelry, some health and personal care items
-
Customized or personalized products
-
Items with special shipping restrictions
Refund Policy
-
Window: Eligible products may be returned within 30 days of delivery for a refund.
-
Refund Method: Refunds are processed to the original payment method or as store credit for items purchased with gift cards.
-
Processing Time: Refunds are processed within 3-5 business days after we receive the return; please allow additional time for shipping and bank processing.
Claims
Inspect your order upon arrival and report any defects, damages, or incorrect items immediately to allow us to address the issue. For claims, contact our support team with details of the issue.
Exchange Policy
For the quickest service, return your original item and place a new order for the desired product once your return is accepted.
Return Address
EveryMarket Customer Service 2101 E Terra Ln, O'Fallon, MO 63366
Customer Support
Available 24/7 for any questions or assistance needed:
-
Phone: +1 636-312-5925
-
Email: cs@everymarket.com
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