1971年南亚危机与美巴关系:冷战时期地区危机与大国战略的互动性研究
本书主要围绕以下问题进行深入探讨。
**、1971年南亚危机具有地区冷战事件的“本土性”特点:即在以猜疑、不信任、仇恨与隔阂对立作为共同特点的国家政治、地区政治氛围中,西巴军人政权与孟加拉族裔民族主义的暴力冲突与印巴国家对抗构成双重联动效应,使得危机进程逐步滑向高度暴烈性的战争。
第二、通过对1971年南亚危机地区根源的考察,展现了美巴两国在利益诉求上的互补性。叶海亚·汗政权所代表的西巴军人统治集团需要通过与美国的结盟来达成两个目标:**、在国家内部权力分配关系面临宪政民主与民族分离主义双重威胁,而政权自身难以有效应对的情况下,借助美国之力巩固起其政权统治;第二、借助美国平衡印度的扩张欲望以及苏印联合对巴基斯坦构成的安全威胁。对于尼克松而言,尽管知道西巴、东巴的矛盾是由叶海亚·汗军人政权的政策失误造成的,而且东巴的政治独立难以逆转,但是以美国对外战略中的总体战略目标与核心国家利益为基点构筑南亚危机的因应政策是尼克松政府应对危机的根本出发点,“偏袒”巴基斯坦的政策由此浮出水面。
第三、作为**决策者的尼克松—基辛格“二人团队”在应对1971年南亚危机的过程中是以美国对外战略中的总体战略目标与核心国家利益为基点构筑南亚危机的因应政策。具体影响危机政策的因素包括:其一、以处理南亚危局为契机,力促中美接近;其二、支持巴基斯坦这个“旧时”盟友,彰显美国在战略收缩之时,在对盟国安全承诺方面不打折扣。
第四、美国的危机政策与尼克松主义出台后,美国在南亚的利益存在与实现有着内在的必然联系。战略收缩是尼克松主义的主要方面,但在新的条件下继续维护美国的阵地,使收缩“不会削弱,反而加强美国”是它的另一面。这样一种内在特质反映在尼克松对南亚的战略安排上即表现为“退却但不脱身”。南亚危机期间,尼克松政府对巴基斯坦采取“偏袒”政策,从尼克松主义的特定内涵来看,这一政策的出台是美国全球战略和在南亚的实际利益诉求综合作用的结果。全球主义战略视角决定了美国在危机期间对巴基斯坦采取“偏袒”政策,但地区实际利益诉求却制约着“偏袒”政策的适用限度。
第五、发生在冷战缓和前夜的1971年南亚危机是检验美、苏、中战略大三角之存在基础的**个“实验场”。此次危机的特定意义在于它是与转型时代的冷战体系密切相关,不仅深受大国战略调整的影响,而且也在转型时代的全球冷战中留下自己的特殊印记。
本文以美、印、巴、孟等国的解密外交文献和档案汇编为史料基础,以冷战的“双重逻辑”——国际性与本土性作为立论基点,将1971年南亚危机为阐释冷战进程中地区危机与冲突内在特性的平台,展现大国的对外战略与地区角色政治行为的双向搏弈,进而分析巴基斯坦国内制度缺陷所引发的政治动荡是如何外溢到国际领域,又是如何引起包括美国在内的区外大国介入,激化冲突导致局部战争。
绪言.1
一、研究综述...1
二、研究目的与选题意义...20
三、基本结构与主要内容...23
章1971年南亚危机的国际背景与地区根源.29
节冷战格局中的南亚与美国在南亚的利益诉求...30
第二节美巴结盟与美巴关系的演变...33
第三节冷战转型与美巴关系进入新阶段...44
第四节南亚危机的地区根源...50
小结...59
第二章 危机前夜的巴基斯坦政治变局与美巴之间的彼此借重.60
节叶海亚·汗军人政权确立与大选前的准备...60
第二节“巴基斯坦渠道”的开掘...65
第三节“一次例外”军售政策的出台...73
第四节大选、宪政危机与美国的应策...78
小结...104
第三章 危机初始阶段与美国对巴基斯坦的政策倾斜.105
节叶海亚·汗对东巴政治的强力控制与美国的应策...106
第二节难民问题的出现与美国的难民救助政策...123
第三节印度的秘密干预与“孟加拉人民共和国临时政府”的成立...136
第四节美国对巴基斯坦军售政策的“微调”...143
小结...147
第四章 危机升级与美巴政策协调的加强.148
节基辛格秘访中国与《苏印和平友好互助条约》的签订...148
第二节难民问题的激化与美印的政策对立...168
第三节东巴政治和解的失败...179
第四节危机对抗的升级与美国的应策...197
第五节美国停止对巴军售...208
第六节英迪拉·甘地访美与印巴边界军事冲突的爆发...211
小结...221
第五章 第三次印巴战争与南亚国际关系新格局.222
节战争周的进程与白宫的“双轨”政策...223
第二节战争第二周进程与美、苏、中三大国外交角力...248
第三节南亚国际关系新格局的形成...266
小结...277
结语.278
附录:中英文人名参照表.293
参 考 文 献.296
20世纪60年代末期的世界风云际会,国际政治环境发生了重大变化。理查德·尼克松(RichardNixon)在1969年1月总统就职演说中不无感慨地说到:“一个崭新的时代已经开始了。”[1]“世界政治格局的变动急剧而又极富戏剧性,我们所应当做的就是要厘清这些变化;依据这些变化制定下一阶段美国对外战略的目标;并找到合适的政策路径去有效地实现这些目标。”[2]既然这是一个“新的时代”、“急剧变化的时代”,那么,它究竟“新”在哪里?“变化”又体现在何处呢?从当时国际政治走向的总体趋势来看,20世纪60年代的世界涌动着与过去不同的变化因素。
首先,美国已经深陷越战泥潭难以自拔。
在这场战争中,美国使用了工业社会、的常规武器装备,但直到1960年代末期仍无法取得对越南共产主义者的胜利。不仅如此,在尼克松上台时,已经有3.5万名美军士兵在战争中丧生。[3]除了大量人员伤亡外,巨大的战争消耗使得美国财政经济状况不断恶化,赤字逐年扩大,通货膨胀加剧。同时,在美国国内,一场严重的社会危机正在形成,民众对越战的态度几近民怨沸腾,全国性的“反战运动”兴起。就上述状况而言,美国在越南发动的战争是大国傲慢和自欺、滥用并挥霍财富与权力的范例,害人又害己。同时,越南战争也给美国外交政策提出了一个尖锐的问题:那就是面对一个有限的外部挑战时,美国国家安全的边界到底在哪里?是仅限于美洲大陆?还是整个世界?是追求安全?还是力保相对安全?可以说,越战的现实给美国外交政策敲响了美国立国以来少有的警钟,面对危局,尼克松政府不得不作出顺应时事的政治选择。美国冷战战略的调整势在必行。
其次,苏联的挑战来势凶猛。在美国深陷越战泥潭、无暇他顾之时,60年代苏联的军事实力迅速增长,全球扩张的步伐日渐加快。
冷战中的世界是美苏争斗不休的世界,国际事务中丝毫的风吹草动在美苏眼中都是冷战对抗,相互攻伐的体现。在美国深陷越战困境之际,苏联集中精力发展自己的国家实力,尤其是军事实力。自60年代中期以来,苏联全面协调地发展各个军种,意图打造一支能打各种战争的全能化军队。其与美国的军事实力差距逐步缩小,先是在数量上,继而在质量上追赶美国。为追求军事优势,勃涅日列夫上台后大力扩充军队,1967年重建陆军总司令部,除去边防军和内务部队,苏联军事人员从1964年的368万增至1969年的419万。1960年~1969年,苏联的军费开支总额达到6219亿美元,超过了美国的6056亿美元。[4]从1968年起,苏联建立了地中海和印度洋分舰队,开始进行全球性的远洋军事演习,苏联海上力量从“黄水海军”越升为“蓝水海军”。
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本书主要围绕以下问题进行深入探讨。
**、1971年南亚危机具有地区冷战事件的“本土性”特点:即在以猜疑、不信任、仇恨与隔阂对立作为共同特点的国家政治、地区政治氛围中,西巴军人政权与孟加拉族裔民族主义的暴力冲突与印巴国家对抗构成双重联动效应,使得危机进程逐步滑向高度暴烈性的战争。
第二、通过对1971年南亚危机地区根源的考察,展现了美巴两国在利益诉求上的互补性。叶海亚·汗政权所代表的西巴军人统治集团需要通过与美国的结盟来达成两个目标:**、在国家内部权力分配关系面临宪政民主与民族分离主义双重威胁,而政权自身难以有效应对的情况下,借助美国之力巩固起其政权统治;第二、借助美国平衡印度的扩张欲望以及苏印联合对巴基斯坦构成的安全威胁。对于尼克松而言,尽管知道西巴、东巴的矛盾是由叶海亚·汗军人政权的政策失误造成的,而且东巴的政治独立难以逆转,但是以美国对外战略中的总体战略目标与核心国家利益为基点构筑南亚危机的因应政策是尼克松政府应对危机的根本出发点,“偏袒”巴基斯坦的政策由此浮出水面。
第三、作为**决策者的尼克松—基辛格“二人团队”在应对1971年南亚危机的过程中是以美国对外战略中的总体战略目标与核心国家利益为基点构筑南亚危机的因应政策。具体影响危机政策的因素包括:其一、以处理南亚危局为契机,力促中美接近;其二、支持巴基斯坦这个“旧时”盟友,彰显美国在战略收缩之时,在对盟国安全承诺方面不打折扣。
第四、美国的危机政策与尼克松主义出台后,美国在南亚的利益存在与实现有着内在的必然联系。战略收缩是尼克松主义的主要方面,但在新的条件下继续维护美国的阵地,使收缩“不会削弱,反而加强美国”是它的另一面。这样一种内在特质反映在尼克松对南亚的战略安排上即表现为“退却但不脱身”。南亚危机期间,尼克松政府对巴基斯坦采取“偏袒”政策,从尼克松主义的特定内涵来看,这一政策的出台是美国全球战略和在南亚的实际利益诉求综合作用的结果。全球主义战略视角决定了美国在危机期间对巴基斯坦采取“偏袒”政策,但地区实际利益诉求却制约着“偏袒”政策的适用限度。
第五、发生在冷战缓和前夜的1971年南亚危机是检验美、苏、中战略大三角之存在基础的**个“实验场”。此次危机的特定意义在于它是与转型时代的冷战体系密切相关,不仅深受大国战略调整的影响,而且也在转型时代的全球冷战中留下自己的特殊印记。
本文以美、印、巴、孟等国的解密外交文献和档案汇编为史料基础,以冷战的“双重逻辑”——国际性与本土性作为立论基点,将1971年南亚危机为阐释冷战进程中地区危机与冲突内在特性的平台,展现大国的对外战略与地区角色政治行为的双向搏弈,进而分析巴基斯坦国内制度缺陷所引发的政治动荡是如何外溢到国际领域,又是如何引起包括美国在内的区外大国介入,激化冲突导致局部战争。
绪言.1
一、研究综述...1
二、研究目的与选题意义...20
三、基本结构与主要内容...23
章1971年南亚危机的国际背景与地区根源.29
节冷战格局中的南亚与美国在南亚的利益诉求...30
第二节美巴结盟与美巴关系的演变...33
第三节冷战转型与美巴关系进入新阶段...44
第四节南亚危机的地区根源...50
小结...59
第二章 危机前夜的巴基斯坦政治变局与美巴之间的彼此借重.60
节叶海亚·汗军人政权确立与大选前的准备...60
第二节“巴基斯坦渠道”的开掘...65
第三节“一次例外”军售政策的出台...73
第四节大选、宪政危机与美国的应策...78
小结...104
第三章 危机初始阶段与美国对巴基斯坦的政策倾斜.105
节叶海亚·汗对东巴政治的强力控制与美国的应策...106
第二节难民问题的出现与美国的难民救助政策...123
第三节印度的秘密干预与“孟加拉人民共和国临时政府”的成立...136
第四节美国对巴基斯坦军售政策的“微调”...143
小结...147
第四章 危机升级与美巴政策协调的加强.148
节基辛格秘访中国与《苏印和平友好互助条约》的签订...148
第二节难民问题的激化与美印的政策对立...168
第三节东巴政治和解的失败...179
第四节危机对抗的升级与美国的应策...197
第五节美国停止对巴军售...208
第六节英迪拉·甘地访美与印巴边界军事冲突的爆发...211
小结...221
第五章 第三次印巴战争与南亚国际关系新格局.222
节战争周的进程与白宫的“双轨”政策...223
第二节战争第二周进程与美、苏、中三大国外交角力...248
第三节南亚国际关系新格局的形成...266
小结...277
结语.278
附录:中英文人名参照表.293
参 考 文 献.296
20世纪60年代末期的世界风云际会,国际政治环境发生了重大变化。理查德·尼克松(RichardNixon)在1969年1月总统就职演说中不无感慨地说到:“一个崭新的时代已经开始了。”[1]“世界政治格局的变动急剧而又极富戏剧性,我们所应当做的就是要厘清这些变化;依据这些变化制定下一阶段美国对外战略的目标;并找到合适的政策路径去有效地实现这些目标。”[2]既然这是一个“新的时代”、“急剧变化的时代”,那么,它究竟“新”在哪里?“变化”又体现在何处呢?从当时国际政治走向的总体趋势来看,20世纪60年代的世界涌动着与过去不同的变化因素。
首先,美国已经深陷越战泥潭难以自拔。
在这场战争中,美国使用了工业社会、的常规武器装备,但直到1960年代末期仍无法取得对越南共产主义者的胜利。不仅如此,在尼克松上台时,已经有3.5万名美军士兵在战争中丧生。[3]除了大量人员伤亡外,巨大的战争消耗使得美国财政经济状况不断恶化,赤字逐年扩大,通货膨胀加剧。同时,在美国国内,一场严重的社会危机正在形成,民众对越战的态度几近民怨沸腾,全国性的“反战运动”兴起。就上述状况而言,美国在越南发动的战争是大国傲慢和自欺、滥用并挥霍财富与权力的范例,害人又害己。同时,越南战争也给美国外交政策提出了一个尖锐的问题:那就是面对一个有限的外部挑战时,美国国家安全的边界到底在哪里?是仅限于美洲大陆?还是整个世界?是追求安全?还是力保相对安全?可以说,越战的现实给美国外交政策敲响了美国立国以来少有的警钟,面对危局,尼克松政府不得不作出顺应时事的政治选择。美国冷战战略的调整势在必行。
其次,苏联的挑战来势凶猛。在美国深陷越战泥潭、无暇他顾之时,60年代苏联的军事实力迅速增长,全球扩张的步伐日渐加快。
冷战中的世界是美苏争斗不休的世界,国际事务中丝毫的风吹草动在美苏眼中都是冷战对抗,相互攻伐的体现。在美国深陷越战困境之际,苏联集中精力发展自己的国家实力,尤其是军事实力。自60年代中期以来,苏联全面协调地发展各个军种,意图打造一支能打各种战争的全能化军队。其与美国的军事实力差距逐步缩小,先是在数量上,继而在质量上追赶美国。为追求军事优势,勃涅日列夫上台后大力扩充军队,1967年重建陆军总司令部,除去边防军和内务部队,苏联军事人员从1964年的368万增至1969年的419万。1960年~1969年,苏联的军费开支总额达到6219亿美元,超过了美国的6056亿美元。[4]从1968年起,苏联建立了地中海和印度洋分舰队,开始进行全球性的远洋军事演习,苏联海上力量从“黄水海军”越升为“蓝水海军”。
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