一本小小的蓝色逻辑书

Brand: 九州出版社 Sold By: EM China
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一本小小的蓝色逻辑书

一本小小的蓝色逻辑书

$29.24

Description

产品特色
编辑推荐

 

★ 一本哈佛大学毕业生写的逻辑入门书;

★ 美国常春藤名校入学考试绝密利器,先后荣获“美国总统图书奖”、“国际图书奖”、“年度教育图书奖”!

★ 美国著名考试培训机构Kaplan教学主管20年教学经验总结;

★ 一套完整而实用的逻辑推理概念,囊括50个逻辑推理法则,帮助你用逻辑思维解决现实问题;

★ 一套针美国大学入学考试的阅读理解和逻辑分析题解题思路,并辅以40多道实战题目供你反复练习; 
内容简介

大约两千五百年前,苏格拉底创建了一套方法,通过一系列探问,也就是后世所说的“苏格拉底方法”,来获取问题的答案,并对这些答案进行推断。通过这种方式,他就可以找出各种复杂现象背后的关键问题,揭开很多貌似有理实则荒谬的说法背后的真相。这套方法就是后来我们所说的“逻辑推理”

本质上来说,逻辑推理是一个“收集信息、评估信息的过程”。要想做出正确的决定,我们首先要占有充分的信息,而要想占有充分的信息,首先需要提出正确的问题。所以那些擅长逻辑推理的人,往往也比较善于提问,搜集相关信息,并用“正确的”方式 对这些信息进行评估。*重要的是,他们可以在不受他人干扰的情况下独立完成这一过程。

本书的目的,就是为读者提炼出一套*有用、*完整的逻辑推理概念,帮助读者在学习和现实生活中更好地理清思路,解决问题。
作者简介

布兰登·罗伊尔,出生于加拿大,就读于哈佛大学,后在考试培训机构Kaplan担任主管。其作品先后五次荣获“国际图书奖”、五次荣获“总统图书奖”金奖,2011年荣获“年度教育图书奖”。

任职于Kaplan期间,他潜心研究英文写作、语法和逻辑推理教学,总结自己多年的教学经验,独创了一整套教学体系,并先后出版了《一本小小的蓝色逻辑书》、《一本小小的红色写作书》、《一本小小的金色语法书》等经典著作,成为全球英文写作、语法、逻辑推理领域的标杆之作。

目  录
目 录
前言/ 01
引言 / 03
第1章 感知和思维模式
选择性感知 / 003
世上到底有没有“偶然现象”这回事? / 005
四种典型思维方式 / 007
第2章 如何进行创意思考
水平思考法 / 015
发散性思维与聚合性思维 / 020
思维导图 / 024
魔鬼代言人 / 027
点子杀手和点子孵化器 / 028
头脑风暴 / 033
前  言
前言
亨利•胡弥多尔(Henry Humidor)先生买了一盒雪茄,因为这盒雪茄太过名贵,所以亨利决定投保。保单中约定,一旦雪茄因为任何意外——尤其是火灾——而损坏,保险公司须支付15000美元赔偿金。
一个月后,亨利抽完了所有雪茄,随后向保险公司提出索赔。在索赔申请中,亨利宣称这些名贵雪茄毁于“一系列小型火灾事故”。保险公司拒绝支付,理由很明显:亨利只是正常地使用雪茄。
于是,亨利将保险公司告上法庭,并轻而易举地打赢了官司!
在结案陈词时,法官也认为亨利的索赔有点无理取闹。但他认为,既然保单上清楚地写着雪茄是可以投保的,而且还可以投火灾险,同时并未清晰地界定哪些“火灾”将不予理赔,那么保险公司就应该履行保单义务,赔偿亨利。
保险公司懒得上诉,直接赔亨利15000美元了事。
在线试读

五个常见的推理漏洞

法则22 人们在推理时常出现的五个推理漏洞:把橘子跟苹果做比较; 以偏概全;对相关的证据视而不见;混淆因果关系;在执行计划时没有提前考虑到可能出现的瓶颈。

 通常说到推理漏洞时,大都指的是那些跟我们所做的假设相关的漏洞。在这五个常见的推理漏洞中,个是比较和类比假设漏洞,即把两个虽然不同,但逻辑上却相等的事物进行对比。一般来说,我们会把苹果跟苹果进行比较,橘子跟橘子进行比较,而不会把二者混淆,否则就是犯了此类错误。

第二个是代表性假设漏洞,也就是所谓的“以偏概全”。当我们使用的例子可以代表整个群体时,我们的论断就会得到强化;反过来,当我们的例子不足以代表整体时,它就会弱化我们的论断。

第三个是“好证据”假设漏洞。当我们不经验证就想当然地认为自己的证据有效时,就会容易出现这种漏洞。通常来说,那些比较客观、相关、精确、真实的证据有利于强化我们的论述;而主观、不具代表性、不精确的论据则只会弱化我们的论述。

第四个是因果假设漏洞。当我们错误地做出因果假设,或者在没有证据的情况下就认定一件事会导致另外一件事时,就会犯这种错误。

第五个是实施假设漏洞,当我们没有预料到计划实施过程中可能出现的瓶颈,或者盲目地相信自己的计划会轻而易举地得到落实时,我们就会犯这种错误。

比较和类比假设漏洞

我们会根据人物、地点、事物或环境来进行各种比较或类比。所谓类比,就是当两个(或多个)事物拥有某些相似点时,我们就会将其进行对比,并假设它们在其他方面也会相似。生物学家在做实验时就经常会做类比, 他们会把在动物身上得到的实验结果放在人类身上。比如说,他们在小白鼠身上实验某种药物时发现了某种并发症,就会认为人类在使用这种药物时也会出现同样的并发症。

有时人们会对人的性格进行类比。比如说,当我们发现儿子跟父亲或女儿跟母亲有某些类似之处时,我们就会认为这对父子或母女之间在其他地方也有类似之处。

有时人们会将不同时间段的事件或情况进行类比。比如说,很多公司的管理人员在遇到问题时,都会借鉴本公司之前遇到类似问题时的做法。

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