尼古拉·哥白尼(1473-1543)是波兰数学家和天文学家。《天体运行论》主要阐述了地动说的一些原理。比如,宇宙和大地都是球形的,天体以太阳为中心做匀速圆周运动,地球的运动由自转、公转和岁差三种运动构成,描述天体的位置有必要用到球面三角形等等。哥白尼的学说改变了那个时代人类对宇宙的认识,而且动摇了欧洲中世纪宗教神学的理论基础。由于时代的局限,哥白尼只是把宇宙的中心从地球移到了太阳,并没有放弃宇宙中心论和宇宙有限论。虽然哥白尼的观点并不完全正确,但是他的理论的提出给人类的宇宙观带来了巨大的变革。恩格斯在《自然辩证法》中评价哥白尼的《天体运行论》说:"自然科学借以宣布其独立并且好像是重演路德焚烧教谕的革命行动,便是哥白尼那本不朽著作的出版,他用这本书(虽然是胆怯地而且可说是只在临终时)来向自然事物方面的教会挑战,从此自然科学便开始从神学中解放出来。"
导读《天体运行论》
英译本序
安德里斯·奥西安德尔(Andres Osiander)的前言
尼古拉·舍恩贝格的一封信
原序:给保罗三世教皇陛下的献词
**卷
**章 宇宙是球形的
第二章 大地也是球形的
第三章 大地和水如何构成统一的球体
第四章 天体的运动是匀束的、永恒的和圆形的功或是复合的圆周运动
第五章 圆周运动对地球是否适宜 地球的位置在何处
第六章 天比地大,无可比拟
第七章 为什么古人认为地球静居于宇宙中心
第八章 以往论证的不当和对它们的批驳
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